Jumat, 15 Agustus 2008

FISIKA MUDAH MENYENANGKAN (FM2): Fisika Itu Diri Kita

FISIKA MUDAH MENYENANGKAN (FM2): Fisika Itu Diri Kita

1 komentar:

Astrophysics Boy mengatakan...

Grand Unification Theory
(GUT)
[Teori Keterpaduan Akbar Lanjutan Theory of Everything (Teori Segala Hal)]
By:
Arip Nurahman
Department of Physics,
Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics Indonesia University of Education


Abstract

Grand Unification, grand unified theory, or GUT is one of several very similar unified field theories or models in physics that predicts that at extremely high energies (above 1014 GeV), the electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces are fused into a single unified field. Origin of the name; The coining of the widely-used acronym GUT has been attributed to a paper published in 1978 by Harvard University theorist Dimitri Nanopoulos. Thus far, physicists have been able to merge electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force into the electroweak force, and work is being done to merge electroweak and quantum chromodynamics into a QCD-electroweak interaction sometimes called the electrostrong force. Beyond grand unification, there is also speculation that it may be possible to merge gravity with the other three gauge symmetries into a theory of everything. There is a general aesthetic among high energy physicists that the more symmetrical a theory is, the more "beautiful" and "elegant" it is. According to this aesthetic, the Standard Model gauge group, which is the direct product of three groups (modulo some finite group) is "ugly". Also, reasoning in analogy with the 19th-century unification of electricity with magnetism into electromagnetism, and especially the success of the electroweak theory, which utilizes the idea of spontaneous symmetry breaking to unify electromagnetism with the weak interaction, people wondered if it might be possible to unify all three groups in a similar manner. Physicists feel that three independent gauge coupling constants and a huge number of Yukawa coupling coefficients require far too many free parameters, and that these coupling constants ought to be explained by a theory with fewer free parameters. A gauge theory where the gauge group is a simple group only has one gauge coupling constant, and since the fermions are now grouped together in larger representations, there are fewer Yukawa coupling coefficients as well. In addition, the chiral fermion fields of the Standard Model unify into three generations of two irreducible representations in SU(5), and three generations of an irreducible representation (16) in SO(10). This is a significant observation, as a generic combination of chiral fermions which are free of gauge anomalies will not be unified in a representation of some larger Lie group without adding additional matter fields. SO (10) also predicts a right-handed neutrino.

Introduction

Theory of Everything (ToE), teori segala sesuatu, atau teori super simetri, adalah sebuah harta karun yang masih terpendam; semacam “cawan suci” dalam mitos yang selama ini terus dicari-cari oleh para fisikawan teori. ToE adalah sebuah teori yang menggabungkan 4 gaya dasar alam semesta. Dinamakan 4 gaya dasar/interaksi dasar karena keempat interaksi inilah yang bertanggung jawab atas seluruh gaya-gaya yang dapat diamati di alam semesta. Keempat interaksi tersebut adalah interaksi kuat, interaksi lemah, interaksi elektromagnetik, dan interaksi gravitasi. Namun di belakang teori tersebut ada teori lain yang membangunnya yaitu GUT (Grand Unification Theory).
Temuan bukti kehadiran partikel kuark top pada bulan April tahun 1994 di laboratorium pemercepat partikel Fermilab, Batavia, dekat Chicago (AS) yang kemudian dikonfirmasikan setahun sesudahnya sungguh melegakan. Temuan ini membenarkan ramalan teori elektro-lemah standar yang berhasil memadukan interaksi elektromagnet dan interaksi lemah sebagai dua sisi dari sebuah interaksi alam tunggal: elektro-lemah. Kini tersisa satu lagi ujian terakhir bagi teori ini, menemukan partikel Higgs yang diramalkannya.
Namun untuk membangun sebuah keterpaduan yang kuat maka diperlukan pondasi-pondasi yang kuat, diantaranya adalah dengan memperdalam Grand Unification Theory (Teori Keterpaduan Akbar).
GUT theory specifically predicts relations among the fermion masses, such as between the electron and the down quark, the muon and the strange quark, and the tau lepton and the bottom quark for SU(5) and SO(10). Some of these mass relations hold approximately, but most don't. See Georgi-Jarlskog mass relation. If we look at the renormalization group running of the three-gauge couplings have been found to nearly, but not quite, meet at the same point if the hypercharge is normalized so that it is consistent with SU(5)/SO(10) GUTs, which are precisely the GUT groups which lead to a simple fermion unification. This is a significant result, as other Lie groups lead to different normalizations. However, if the supersymmetric extension MSSM is used instead of the Standard Model, the match becomes much more accurate. It is commonly believed that this matching is unlikely to be a coincidence. Also, most model builders simply assume SUSY because it solves the hierarchy problem—i.e., it stabilizes the electroweak Higgs mass against radiative corrections. And the Majorana mass of the right-handed neutrino SO(10) theories with its mass set to the gauge unification scale is examined, values for the left-handed neutrino masses (see neutrino oscillation) are produced via the seesaw mechanism. These values are 10–100 times smaller than the GUT scale, but still relatively close.

Contents

God does not play dice . . .
-Albert Einstein-

This is a beautiful, marvelous, unbelievable, ingenious creation there is only one.
-Chaim Henry Fima Tejman-

Our universe was created from one energetic matter (force) that, since the Big Bang, has inflationary properties. By swirling movement, it creates swirls . . .galaxies . . . stars . . . planets . . . atoms . . . disintegrates into photons and . . . and once more creates a space of concentrated energetic matter . . . which may be the source of a new life cycle.
Everything that happens is the result of the behavior of this single energetic matter. Its swirling movement enables it to push, expand and create swirls that, within their space, have pulling properties. To understand the unbelievable behavior of energetic matter and its life cycle, let us follow this explanation step by step: In the universe, it appears that different energy levels - spaces of energetic concentration - are the source of the energetic swirls that were precursors for the Big Bang. Wave theory deals with energetic creations after the Big Bang. The behavior of this matter is ingeniously simple, but its creations are very complex formations beyond our imagination.
In this essay, I present facts known in physics, as well as ideas only partially explained in that field. Wave theory, in comparison to other theories, is only a framework. It is the first step to a grand united nature theory that can help us to understand the laws of nature, to generate new ideas and to contribute to research. Wave theory explains and connects theories such as those of Einstein, Darwin and quantum mechanics with every formation of matter, even living matter and thought.

As Lavoisier’s theory ascribed changes in weight in chemical reactions “to absorption or loss of air” (an invisible substance) and proposed the name “oxygen,” so wave theory claims that an (as yet) invisible substance, energetic matter appearing in swirls, is the basic matter which creates the universe and everything in it. Einstein suggested that to reach a better understanding of the laws of nature and the universe, a more sophisticated approach is required, and perhaps he was right. His ideas and equations changed our attitude to physics; wave theory continues to do so, but gets closer to the behavior of nature.
Until now, research about the universe has been done mainly by physicists, astronomers and mathematicians, who did it brilliantly; however, from time to time they lose sight of the fact that the same rules described by Darwin for the “living world” also apply to the universe (nature) as a whole, because it is the same matter (Stephen Hawking, The Illustrated A Brief History of Time, Bantam Books, November 1996).

"I will attempt to present a nature-oriented approach to understanding the universe."
-nurahman-


Closing

Tapi, sejumlah ilmuwan seperti Stephen Hawking dkk., percaya bahwa akhir dari pencarian ini cuma soal waktu saja, dan mungkin saatnya tidak akan terlalu lama lagi. Kita telah memiliki sejumlah teori parsial. Kita sudah punya teori relativitas umum, teori parsial gravitasi, teori parsial interaksi kuat dan lemah, serta teori parsial elektromagnetik. Tiga interaksi yang terakhir dapat dikombinasikan menjadi Grand Unified Theory (GUT). Ini tidak cukup untuk membentuk ToE karena teori tersebut tidak mencakup interaksi gravitasi. Kesukaran untuk menemukan sebuah teori yang menyatukan gravitasi dengan gaya-gaya lain adalah bahwa teori relativitas umum (yang menjelaskan tentang pengaruh medan gravitasi dalam semua proses fisika) merupakan teori klasik. Dalam hal ini, relativitas umum tidak mengambil bagian dalam prinsip ketidakpastian dari mekanika kuantum. Sebaliknya, teori-teori parsial lain bergantung pada cara yang esensial pada mekanika kuantum. Sebagai langkah awal, kita bisa mengkombinasikan teori relativitas umum dengan prinsip ketidakpastian, tetapi proses ini akan menghasilkan beberapa konsekuensi luar biasa yang mungkin bertentangan dengan pemahaman kita selama ini tentang fisika.

References
1. Parker, B 1993, 'Overcoming some of the problems', pp.259-279
2. Perburuan Terakhir Model Standar: Hans J Wospakrik (Fisika ITB)
3. Theory of everything (Toe); Arip Nurahman (Department of Physics, Indonesia University of Education)
4. Dr. Chaim H. Tejman (http://www.grandunifiedtheory.org.il/index.htm)